Middle Eastern States

Israel/ Palestine

In the late 19th century, a rise of nationalism grew, including the Zionism(Jews) and Arabs. The Zionism wanted to establish a Jewish nation-state in Palestine. Historically, to the Jews, it was known as there "homeland." Their goal was to find self determination there. The Arab leaders, on the other hand, were against the creation of the creation of the Jewish state. The population in Palestine was largely Arab. Many others supported the creation of a Jewish state because they thought it would benefit the entire region economically and the Jews had a right to a state in the land of ancient Israel.After WW1, the English promised a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine in the Balfour Declaration. Under the British and Ottoman rule, the Jewish purchased this land. After WW2 the issue of Palestine was handed over to the United Nations. In 1947, the United Nations approved the partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into two states: one Jewish and one Arab. The Jewish leadership accepted the plan, but Palestinian Arab leaders rejected the plan. After the the British left, a civil war broke out. The war resulted in an Israeli victory.

Today Israel is still facing these problems. There is no clear solution at the moment, but there are some ideas. One solution would be to creating a Palestinian state in Israel by connecting Gaza strip with the West Bank. By doing this, the Palestinians would gain some land. The problem is, the Israelis loose access to the Mediterranean sea, and they are most likely not willing to give up a big water way. One way to solve it to redistribute the land. Palestine state to the north and Israel to the South so they both have access to the Mediterranean Sea. It is also important that they eventually sign a peace treaty to discourage guerrilla warfare. The Palestinian state would lose Gaza posting some conflict. This is a hard situation with no clear resolution.

Sataragaga

Czarist Russia

Intellectuals

This class was the educated class that worked for the improvement of Russia. The difference between the early and later intellectuals is that the early had an active role in the tsarist government while the later intellectuals were activists that were mostly against the government. The intellectuals wanted to modernize Russia by "westernizing" and moving away from autocracy and more towards democracy. Some nationalism views of the Slavs wanted to stay away from industrialization and center more around farming. There were two different groups of intellectuals, the Populist and Marxist. The populists would go to the peasants, sometimes even dressed to look like them, to recruit them to revolt against the government. On the other hand, Marxist focused more on a classless society, where the lower class overthrows the upper class. The work of the intellectuals were very challenging with many road blocks. Ideas were unable to be spread due to illiteracy. Russification was now taking place so the people would not revolt against the Czar.This is why the government police took action and punished members by inprisoning and exiling. Some groups became extreme and succeded to assasinate Alexander II, a Czar from the Romanov Dynasty. This class would defently support the idea of Revolution. This is what they stood for. Their goal was to better Russia, and Revolution is how they would get there.

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Imperialism

New imperialism was a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. This term was taken to a whole new extreme when Great Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Portugal, and Germany fought to establish colonies in Africa. They believed they were superior and that the Africans were uncivilized. This was a reflection of Social Darwinism. One major motive to taking over Africa the the economic motive. This includes making money from acquiring raw materials, expanding trading,and using cheap labor. Cecil Rhodes stated "It is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory ..." He was a successful business man that was involved with the African diamond mines. Another motive was religion. The people of Europe thought it was their duty to spread Christianity and establish missionaries. It was also the spread of European's morals and values. Lastly (but definitely not the only one) is political. It was the desire to gain power, extend territory, and to boost security and national pride. With the aggressive fight to gain Africa many nations clashed, for example the Boer War. The Boer War was a fight over land and resources between the British and Dutch in South Africa. The Dutch first settled in Cape of Good Hope, but in the early 1800s the British took it over and established laws on land and slaves, which the Boers (or Dutch farmers) did not agree with.

Napoleon

Summary - Napoleon Bonaparte was a powerful force in Europe from 1799 to 1815. He rose from the ranks of the French army to become the emperor of France. By 1812 he had control of most of Europe. Unfortunately, he met his demise when he attempted to invade Russia. His downfall was almost as swift as his rise to power.

Answer: Napoleon was a power crazed leader who only looked out for himself, not his country of France. He lied to his country in two ways. One saying that the people in the country had a say in the government, when in fact he had all control. Also he never seemed to mention his losses, only his victories, making him sound like an amazing military leader. Napoleon was so greedy that he wanted to take over Russia even if it meant losing thousands of his men, which is what happened. In the end he lost everything, forcing France and the other parts of Europe to rebuild themselves

Industrial Revolution

Summary - Industrial Revolution, term usually applied to the social and economic changes that mark the transition from a stable agricultural and commercial society to a modern industrial society relying on complex machinery rather than tools.

Answer: The industrial Revolution started in Great Britain because they had all the factors of production. They had many natural resources like coal and iron. Also the country is surrounded by bodies of water, making steam transportation available. The country was very heavily populated so they had many people to work on farms, and still have plenty of people to work in factories. There was a high demand for the new inventions, so many people worked on making these for people, instead of making everything by themselves. This made it possible to advance in technology so quickley.

Latin American Revolutions- José de San Martín

José de San Martín (1778-1850)- At an early age he left his mother country to go study in Spain. Around 1808 San Martin joined the Spanish forces against the French. He participated in many battles. While doing this he started to become in contact with South American supporters of independence. From England he sailed to Buenos Aires and offered his services to modern day Argentina. He creates the Lautaro lodge, whose objective was to liberate South America of the Spanish. In 1813, Mounted Grenadiers fought and won their first combat against Spain. San Martin then took control of the North Army from Belgrano in 1814. Later on, San Martin figured out the only way to attack the center of the Spanish power (Lima city, in Peru) was to cross the Andes from Mendoza to Chile. Before doing this he insisted on having a declaration of Independence for the Argentine Republic. By a delay of disease, San Martin and his men set off on the Andes 1817. He fought the Spanish forces in many battles and then liberated Chile in 1818. Finally in 1821 San Martin reached the city of Lima and declared independence, and was appointed protector of Peru. Simon Bolívar took over the task of fully liberating Peru. San Matin eventually resided from his office. After his wife dying, and displeased by civil wars, him and his daughter went to France, and lived there until his death.